Sovereign Wealth Fund (SWF)

A sovereign wealth fund (SWF) is a state-owned investment fund that is composed of financial assets such as stocks, bonds, and real estate.

These funds are typically funded by a country’s foreign exchange reserves, which are made up of currency, gold, and other financial assets that a country has acquired through trade or other means.

The purpose of a sovereign wealth fund is to invest these financial assets on behalf of a country, with the goal of generating long-term returns that can be used to fund government programs or to stabilize the country’s economy.

SWFs are managed by a government agency or a central bank, and they are usually subject to strict investment guidelines that are designed to ensure that the fund is managed in a responsible and transparent manner.

Some SWFs are established with the goal of generating revenue for the government, while others are designed to provide a cushion for the economy during times of economic downturn.

There are many different types of sovereign wealth funds, and the specific investment objectives and strategies of these funds can vary widely.

Some SWFs focus on maximizing returns, while others prioritize preserving capital or achieving social or environmental goals.

SWFs are found in a variety of countries around the world, and they are an important source of capital for many governments.

Key Takeaways – Sovereign Wealth Fund

• Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) are state-owned investment vehicles that manage financial assets on behalf of a country or its central bank.
• SWFs are typically funded by a country’s surplus foreign exchange reserves, and they often invest in a diverse range of asset classes, including stocks, bonds, real estate, and infrastructure.
• The primary goal of SWFs is to generate returns for the benefit of the country or central bank, and they may also be used as a tool for economic and foreign policy.
• SWFs are typically managed by a professional investment team, and they are subject to a set of principles and guidelines known as the Santiago Principles.
• SWFs have grown in size and significance in recent years, and they now manage trillions of dollars in assets. Some of the largest and most well-known SWFs include the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority, the China Investment Corporation, and the Government Pension Fund of Norway.

Sovereign Wealth Fund Purpose

A sovereign wealth fund is a state-owned investment fund that invests the surplus financial resources of a sovereign state, typically generated by the country’s central bank, in a variety of assets such as stocks, bonds, real estate, and other financial instruments.

The purpose of a sovereign wealth fund is to invest and manage the excess reserves of a country in a way that will generate a return on investment and provide financial stability for the country.

There are several reasons why a country might establish a sovereign wealth fund.

Diversification

One reason is to diversify the country’s investment portfolio and reduce its reliance on a single economic sector or asset class.

This can help to mitigate risk and increase the stability of the country’s financial resources.

Funding for long-term projects

Another reason is to provide a source of funding for long-term projects or initiatives that will benefit the country, such as infrastructure development or social welfare programs.

Exercise influence and support domestic and foreign policy goals

Sovereign wealth funds can also serve as a way for a country to exercise influence in the global financial market and to support the country’s economic and foreign policy goals.

Promoting economic development

Some sovereign wealth funds have been established with the explicit purpose of promoting economic development in the country or region where they are based.

All things considered, the main purpose of a sovereign wealth fund is to ensure the financial stability and prosperity of the country by investing and managing its surplus financial resources in a responsible and strategic way.

History of Sovereign Wealth Funds

Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) have a long history dating back centuries, with equivalent structures going back to ancient civilizations.

The concept of a state-owned investment fund that manages surplus financial resources can be traced back to the practice of sovereign states accumulating wealth through taxes and trade surpluses, and using that wealth to fund public works and infrastructure projects.

One of the earliest known examples of a sovereign wealth fund is the Knights Templar, a military order founded in the 11th century to defend the Holy Land during the Crusades.

The Knights Templar accumulated wealth through donations and their role as a financial institution for European crusaders, and used that wealth to fund their military campaigns and charitable activities.

Another early example of a sovereign wealth fund is the Dutch East India Company (VOC), a trading company founded in the 17th century that became one of the first multinational corporations in history.

The VOC generated significant profits from its trade activities, which it used to fund public works and infrastructure projects in the Netherlands.

More modern examples of sovereign wealth funds include the Kuwait Investment Authority, which was established in the 1950s to manage the surplus financial resources generated by the country’s oil exports, and the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority, which was established in the 1970s to invest the surplus financial resources of the United Arab Emirates.

In recent years, the number of sovereign wealth funds has increased significantly, with many countries establishing SWFs to manage their surplus financial resources and invest in a variety of assets.

Today, sovereign wealth funds are a significant force in the global financial market, with many of them having billions of dollars in assets under management, and trillions combined.

Sovereign Wealth Funds Explained

Concerns about Sovereign Wealth Funds

There are a few potential concerns that have been raised in regards to sovereign wealth funds (SWFs).

These include:

Transparency

Some critics have argued that SWFs may not be fully transparent about their investment activities, which could lead to a lack of accountability and scrutiny.

Political influence

SWFs are often controlled by governments, which raises concerns about potential political influence over investment decisions.

There is also the risk that SWFs may be used as a tool for political objectives, rather than solely for its intended purpose(s).

Market distortion

SWFs have the potential to wield significant financial power, which could lead to market distortion if they make large investments in specific assets or sectors.

This could lead to imbalances in the market and potentially harm other investors.

Risk of conflict of interest

In some cases, the investments made by SWFs may be in conflict with the broader interests of the country they represent.

For example, an SWF may make investments that are beneficial to the fund but harmful to the country’s citizens or environment.

Lack of alignment with international norms

Some SWFs may not adhere to international norms and standards when making investments, which could create problems for the countries in which they are investing.

It’s important to note that these are potential concerns and not all SWFs necessarily pose these risks.

Many SWFs have implemented practices and policies to address these concerns and promote transparency, accountability, and responsible investing.

Santiago Principles

The Santiago Principles are a set of best practices for sovereign wealth funds (SWFs).

They were developed in 2008 by the International Working Group of Sovereign Wealth Funds (IWG), which is made up of SWFs from around the world.

The Santiago Principles are intended to provide a framework for the responsible governance and management of SWFs.

The Santiago Principles consist of 24 principles that cover a wide range of topics related to the management of SWFs, including:

• Governance: The principles outline best practices for the governance of SWFs, including the roles and responsibilities of board members, the management of conflicts of interest, and the transparency of decision-making processes.
• Investment activities: The principles cover the investment activities of SWFs, including the management of risk, the use of leverage, and the consideration of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors in investment decisions.
• Transparency: The principles emphasize the importance of transparency in the operations of SWFs, including the disclosure of information about investment activities and the management of the fund.
• International cooperation: The principles encourage SWFs to cooperate with other SWFs and international organizations to promote the responsible management of SWFs.

The Santiago Principles are not legally binding, but they are widely recognized as a benchmark for best practices in the management of SWFs.

Many SWFs have adopted the principles and use them as a guide for their operations.

What Do Sovereign Wealth Funds Invest In?

Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) are government-owned investment funds that are typically established to manage a country’s excess foreign exchange reserves, such as the profits from the export of oil and other natural resources.

SWFs may also be funded by other sources, such as the proceeds from the sale of state-owned assets.

SWFs invest in a wide range of financial assets, including stocks, bonds, real estate, private equity, and other alternative investments.

The specific assets that an SWF invests in will depend on its investment mandate and the risk and return objectives of the fund.

SWFs generally aim to generate long-term returns for their owners, and they may take a long-term investment horizon when making decisions.

Some SWFs may also have a mandate to pursue specific economic or strategic objectives, such as diversifying the country’s investment portfolio or promoting economic development domestically or in areas of strategic interest.

SWFs may invest in assets in their own country or abroad, and they may invest directly in individual companies or through intermediaries such as mutual funds or exchange-traded funds.

SWFs may also invest in infrastructure projects or other assets that generate a long-term income stream.

It’s important to note that the investments made by SWFs are not guaranteed and carry inherent risks, just like any other investment.

The performance of an SWF’s investments will depend on a variety of factors, including the overall performance of the markets and the specific assets in which the fund is invested.

How Do Sovereign Wealth Funds Trade?

Here’s an overview of how they typically trade:

Strategies

Diversification

SWFs diversify their portfolios across asset classes, geographies, and sectors to reduce risk and better stabilize their returns.

Common investments include:

• equities
• bonds
• real estate
• private equity
• infrastructure

Long-Term Horizon

SWFs generally have a long-term horizon.

Many SWFs will trade every market day, but in the context of attending to a portfolio/portfolios with long-term focuses.

This allows them to invest in less liquid assets that offer higher returns over time.

This long-term focus supports strategic investments in sectors like technology, energy, and sustainability.

Strategic and Tactical Allocations

Strategic asset allocation (SAA) involves setting target allocations for various asset classes based on long-term return expectations and risk tolerance.

Tactical asset allocation (TAA) allows SWFs to take advantage of short-term market opportunities by deviating from the SAA targets.

Trading Practices

Direct Investments

SWFs often make direct investments in companies, either through public markets or private equity deals.

These investments can include acquiring significant stakes in companies or participating in large-scale infrastructure projects.

They often have a bent toward trades that directly benefit their constituents.

Use of External Managers

While some SWFs manage investments internally, many use external fund managers for specialized expertise and access to specific markets.

External managers may handle particular asset classes, geographies, or investment strategies.

Derivatives and Hedging

To manage risks, SWFs might use derivatives such as options, futures, and swaps.

Hedging strategies are employed to protect against currency fluctuations, interest rate changes, and other financial risks specific to their portfolio.

Example Strategic Asset Allocations

Here are a few strategic asset allocation examples tailored for SWFs:

Example 1: Conservative Allocation

Designed for SWFs focused on preserving capital and generating steady income with low risk.

Example 2: Balanced Allocation

Aims to balance risk and return, suitable for SWFs with moderate risk tolerance.

Example 3: Growth Allocation

Focused on capital appreciation with a higher risk tolerance, suitable for long-term investment horizons.

Example 4: Aggressive Allocation

Targeted towards maximum capital growth, suitable for SWFs with high risk tolerance and very long investment horizons.

Example 5: Income-Focused Allocation

Tries to generate regular income with moderate risk, suitable for SWFs that require steady cash flows.

Risk Management

Economic and Market Analysis

SWFs employ rigorous economic and market analysis to inform their investment decisions.

This involves studying global economic trends, political developments, and the economic environment.

Stress Testing and Scenario Analysis

SWFs conduct stress tests and scenario analyses to evaluate how their portfolios would perform under various adverse conditions.

These analyses help in adjusting the portfolio to withstand potential market shocks.

For example, a stress test might reveal that a portfolio struggles when growth is lower and inflation is higher than expectations.

Portfolio managers would then look to hedge or tilt the allocation to more favorably balance the portfolio.

Transparency and Governance

Governance Structures

SWFs operate under clear governance structures with defined roles and responsibilities for decision-making.

Many have investment committees that oversee the fund’s strategy and performance.

The CIO is the head of investment strategy and portfolio management, with oversight mechanisms like a board of directors.

Transparency and Reporting

There is an increasing emphasis on transparency and regular reporting to stakeholders.

This includes publishing annual reports, investment strategies, and performance metrics.

Job Roles in a Sovereign Wealth Fund (SWF)

Chief Investment Officer (CIO)

Oversees investment strategy and portfolio management, so there’s alignment with the fund’s long-term objectives.

The CIO makes high-level decisions on asset allocation and risk management, guiding the overall investment direction.

Work is generally delegated to portfolio managers and their teams.

Portfolio Manager

Manages specific asset classes and investment portfolios, such as equities, bonds, real estate, or private equity.

They will tend to specialize in a particular asset class and report to the CIO.

They are responsible for executing investment strategies, monitoring performance, and making buy-sell decisions.

Risk Manager

Identifies, assesses, and reduces financial risks associated with the fund’s investments.

They develop risk management frameworks, conduct stress tests, and make sure that the fund’s risk exposure is within acceptable limits.

Research Analyst

Conducts market and economic research to inform investment decisions.

They analyze data, track market trends, and provide insights on potential investment opportunities and economic conditions that could impact the fund’s performance.

Risk and portfolio considerations are then analyzed by those higher in the chain.

Compliance Officer

Ensures adherence to regulatory and legal standards, safeguarding the fund from legal and compliance risks.

They develop compliance policies, conduct audits, and make sure all activities comply with relevant laws and regulations.

Operations Manager

An ops manager deals with operational processes and administrative functions for efficient and effective day-to-day operations.

They oversee trade execution, settlement, reporting, and other operational aspects of the fund.

Treasurer

Manages liquidity, cash flow, and financial planning to make sure the fund has adequate resources to meet its obligations and take advantage of investment opportunities.

They oversee the fund’s financial health and manage relationships with financial institutions.

Corporate Governance Officer

Ensures ethical practices and governance standards within the fund.

They oversee board activities, ensure compliance with governance policies, and promote transparency and accountability in the fund’s operations.

Investment Analyst

They support investment decisions through detailed analysis of financial statements, markets, and economic indicators.

They provide recommendations based on their research and contribute to portfolio construction and management.

They typically report to their PM (portfolio manager) or potentially a senior analyst for vetting before going to the PM, depending on the structure of the firm.

Legal Counsel

Provides legal advice and handles contractual matters, so that the fund’s operations comply with all relevant laws and regulations.

They negotiate contracts, manage legal risks, and handle any legal disputes or issues that come up.

Sovereign Wealth Fund vs. Permanent Fund

Sovereign wealth funds and permanent funds are both types of investment funds that are owned and managed by governments.

However, there are some key differences between the two types of funds.

Sovereign Wealth Fund

Sovereign wealth funds are investment vehicles that are funded by a country’s foreign exchange reserves, surplus oil and gas revenues, or other national assets.

They are typically used to invest in a diverse range of asset classes, including stocks, bonds, real estate, and infrastructure projects.

The goal of sovereign wealth funds is to generate financial returns for the government or to provide a source of financing for government projects.

Some examples of sovereign wealth funds include the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority, the China Investment Corporation, and the Norway Government Pension Fund Global.

Permanent Wealth Fund

Permanent funds, on the other hand, are investment funds that are established by governments or other organizations to provide a long-term source of income or financial support.

Permanent funds are usually funded by a variety of sources, such as natural resource royalties, endowment gifts, and capital gains.

The goal of permanent funds is to preserve and grow the fund’s assets over time, so that they can provide a stable source of funding for a specific purpose, such as supporting education, healthcare, cultural programs, or providing dividends to its own citizens.

Some examples of permanent funds include the Alaska Permanent Fund and the Texas Permanent School Fund.

Overall, the main difference between sovereign wealth funds and permanent funds is the purpose for which they are created.

Sovereign wealth funds are primarily focused on generating financial returns for the government, while permanent funds are focused on providing a long-term source of funding for specific purposes.

Most Popular Sovereign Wealth Funds

There are many sovereign wealth funds around the world, and their popularity can vary based on a number of factors, such as the size of the fund, the investment performance, and the transparency of its operations.

Here is a list of some of the most popular sovereign wealth funds, based on their size and reputation:

Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (ADIA)

This is one of the largest and most well-known sovereign wealth funds in the world, with assets under management of over $1 trillion.

ADIA was established in 1976 and invests in a diverse range of asset classes, including equities, fixed income, real estate, and alternative investments.

China Investment Corporation (CIC)

CIC is a sovereign wealth fund that was created in 2007 to manage a portion of China’s foreign exchange reserves.

It has grown significantly in size over the years and now has over $1 trillion in assets under management.

Norway Government Pension Fund Global (GPFG)

GPFG is one of the largest sovereign wealth funds in Europe, with assets under management of over $1 trillion.

It was established in 1990 to manage the country’s surplus oil and gas revenues.

Norway’s $1.4 Trillion Wealth Fund That Humiliates The World

Singapore sovereign wealth fund

Singapore has a number of sovereign wealth funds, including the GIC (Government of Singapore Investment Corporation), Temasek Holdings, and the Monetary Authority of Singapore Investment Corporation (MASIC).

These funds have a combined total of over $600 billion in assets under management and invest in a wide range of asset classes.

Kuwait Investment Authority (KIA)

KIA is one of the oldest sovereign wealth funds in the world, having been established in 1953.

It has over $500 billion in assets under management.

Saudi Arabia sovereign wealth fund

Saudi Arabia has a number of sovereign wealth funds, including the Public Investment Fund (PIF) and the Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority (SAMA).

These funds have a combined total of over $500 billion in assets under management.

FAQs – Sovereign Wealth Fund

What role do sovereign wealth funds play in the global financial system?

Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) are government-owned investment funds that manage a country’s surplus foreign exchange reserves.

They are typically funded by revenues from the export of natural resources, such as oil, gas, and minerals, although some SWFs may also receive funding from other sources such as taxes or borrowing.

The primary goal of SWFs is to generate returns on the investment of these surplus funds in order to support the long-term financial stability and development of the country.

SWFs play a significant role in the global financial system as they are a major source of long-term investment capital.

They have the ability to invest large amounts of money over the long term, which can help to support the growth and development of businesses and industries around the world.

Many SWFs invest in a diverse range of assets, including stocks, fixed income securities, real estate, and infrastructure projects, and they often have a long-term investment horizon, which can provide stability to financial markets.

In recent years, the size and influence of SWFs have grown significantly, and they have become an increasingly important player in the global financial system.

There are more than 250 SWFs globally, with combined assets under management of over $8 trillion.

What is the largest sovereign wealth fund?

The Government Pension Fund of Norway, also known as the Norwegian sovereign wealth fund, is one of the largest sovereign wealth funds in the world.

It has assets under management of over $1 trillion, making it the largest sovereign wealth fund in terms of assets.

The Norwegian sovereign wealth fund was established in 1990 to manage the country’s surplus oil revenues.

It is owned and managed by the Norwegian Ministry of Finance, and its primary goal is to generate long-term returns on the investment of these surplus funds in order to support the long-term financial stability and development of Norway.

The fund invests in various types of assets with a long-term investment horizon.

The Norwegian sovereign wealth fund has received international recognition for its transparent and responsible investment practices, and it has been widely praised for its efforts to promote good corporate governance and sustainable investments.

Does the US have a sovereign wealth fund?

The United States does not have a sovereign wealth fund in the same sense as many other countries.

While the United States does have government-owned investment vehicles, such as the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation and the Tennessee Valley Authority, these funds are primarily focused on specific domestic policy goals rather than generating returns on surplus foreign exchange reserves.

The US also has major permanent funds in the states of Alaska and Texas, with others also primarily located in the western US.

Moreover, the United States has a number of large government-owned investment funds that play a significant role in the global financial system.

For example, the Federal Reserve’s portfolio of securities, which is managed by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, is one of the largest investment portfolios in the world.

The portfolio is primarily composed of US Treasury securities and mortgage-backed securities, and it is used to implement the monetary policy of the Federal Reserve.

In addition, the United States has a number of other large government-owned investment funds, including the Social Security Trust Fund and the Medicare Trust Fund, which are used to fund social insurance programs such as Social Security and Medicare.

These funds have significant investments in government securities and other financial assets.

Why is Norway’s sovereign wealth fund so big?

Norway’s sovereign wealth fund, also known as the Government Pension Fund of Norway, is the largest asset managers in the world.

It is financed by the Norwegian government and is used to invest the country’s surplus oil and gas revenues.

Norway is a major oil and gas producer, and the wealth generated from these resources has been invested in the sovereign wealth fund.

The fund is managed by the Norwegian Central Bank and has been very successful in terms of returns on investment, which has contributed to its size.

Additionally, the Norwegian government has been careful to save a significant portion of its oil and gas revenues rather than spending them, which has also contributed to the fund’s growth.

Who manages sovereign wealth funds?

Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) are state-owned investment funds that manage the excess financial reserves of a country.

They are typically managed by a government agency or a central bank.

The specific organization or agency responsible for managing a sovereign wealth fund can vary depending on the country.

Some examples of government agencies or central banks that manage sovereign wealth funds include:

• The Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (ADIA) in the United Arab Emirates
• The China Investment Corporation (CIC) in China
• The Government Pension Fund of Norway
• The Future Fund in Australia
• The Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (GIC)

It’s worth noting that the governance and management of sovereign wealth funds can vary significantly between countries.

Some sovereign wealth funds may be more independent from the government, while others may be more closely tied to the government.

How do sovereign wealth funds invest?

Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) invest the excess financial reserves of a country in a variety of assets, including stocks, bonds, real estate, private equity, hedge funds, and other alternative investments.

The specific investment strategy of an SWF can vary depending on the goals and objectives of the fund, as well as the investment environment and the country’s economic circumstances.

In general, SWFs are long-term investors and may have a more diverse portfolio compared to other types of investors.

They may also have a greater tolerance for risk, as they have a longer time horizon and may be less concerned with short-term market fluctuations.

SWFs may invest directly in companies, or they may invest through a variety of investment vehicles, such as mutual funds, index funds, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and hedge funds.

Some SWFs may also engage in active management of their investments, using strategies such as buying and holding, value investing, or growth investing.

It’s worth noting that the investment strategies of sovereign wealth funds can vary significantly between countries.

Some SWFs may have a more aggressive investment approach, while others may be more conservative.

Do sovereign wealth funds abide by certain rules?

While there are no international laws or regulations that specifically govern the operations of SWFs, there are some guidelines and principles that have been developed to provide guidance on how SWFs should operate.

One example of such guidelines is the Santiago Principles, which were developed by the International Working Group of Sovereign Wealth Funds (IWG) in 2008.

The Santiago Principles are a set of 24 voluntary best practices that are designed to promote transparency, accountability, and good governance of SWFs.

The principles cover a range of issues, including the purposes and objectives of the fund, the legal framework that governs the fund, the management and oversight of the fund, and the investment policies and practices of the fund.

The Santiago Principles are not legally binding, but they are widely considered to be a benchmark for the operations of SWFs.

Many sovereign wealth funds have endorsed the principles and have committed to adhering to them in their operations.

It’s worth noting that the Santiago Principles are not the only guidelines that have been developed for SWFs.

Other examples include the Abu Dhabi Guidelines for SWFs, the Qatar Investment Authority’s (QIA) Investment Philosophy, and the Singapore Investment Council’s (GIC) Investment Philosophy.

These guidelines provide additional guidance on the operations of SWFs and may be more specific to the individual countries or regions in which they are developed.

Do sovereign wealth funds pay taxes?

It depends on the specific circumstances of the sovereign wealth fund (SWF) and the country in which it is based.

In general, SWFs are not subject to corporate income tax on their investment income.

This is because SWFs are typically owned by the government and are not established as separate legal entities for tax purposes.

However, the tax treatment of SWFs can vary depending on the specific legal and regulatory framework of the country in which the fund is based.

Do sovereign wealth funds invest in cryptocurrency?

It is possible for sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) to invest in cryptocurrency, but it is not a common investment for these types of funds.

SWFs are state-owned investment funds that manage the excess financial reserves of a country and typically invest in a wide range of assets, including stocks, bonds, real estate, and private equity.

Cryptocurrency is a relatively new and highly volatile asset class, and it is not considered a mainstream investment option at this time.

As a result, few SWFs have invested in cryptocurrency to date, though some may have indirect exposure from owning equities or credit of companies that own cryptocurrency or are involved in building out its infrastructure (e.g., blockchain).

It is also worth noting that the legal and regulatory framework for cryptocurrency is still evolving in many countries, which may make it difficult for SWFs to invest in this asset class.

That being said, it is possible that SWFs may consider investing in cryptocurrency in the future if the asset class becomes more mainstream and the legal and regulatory framework becomes more established.

It is also possible that individual countries may choose to use their SWFs to invest selectively in certain cryptocurrency projects as a way to diversify their investment portfolios and potentially generate returns.

Conclusion – Sovereign Wealth Fund

Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) are state-owned investment vehicles that are used to manage a country’s excess reserves, typically generated from the trade surplus, natural resource revenues, or foreign currency operations.

They are designed to provide a financial cushion for the future and to diversify the country’s investment portfolio beyond its domestic borders.

SWFs are generally created by governments to invest in various assets, such as stocks, corporate credit, bonds, real estate, and infrastructure projects, in order to generate returns for their respective countries.

There are many different types of SWFs, including reserve investment funds, development funds, and stabilization funds, each of which serves a specific purpose.

For example, reserve investment funds are used to invest excess reserves in a diversified portfolio of global assets, while development funds are used to finance long-term economic development projects in the country.

Stabilization funds, on the other hand, are used to stabilize the economy during times of volatility or crisis.

SWFs are becoming increasingly important in the global economy as more and more countries seek to diversify their investment portfolios and generate returns for their citizens.

While some people view SWFs as a way for governments to exert influence on the global economy, others see them as a valuable tool for promoting economic stability and growth.

The success of a sovereign wealth fund depends on its ability to generate returns and its adherence to best practices in governance and transparency.