Euronext Brokers 2025
Euronext brokers provide access to the Euronext N.V. Exchange Group trading centre, spanning some of the biggest economic jurisdictions in Europe. So, what is Euronext trading and how can you get involved? In this guide, we outline the history of Euronext, its indices and its opening hours. We also provide a guide to comparing brokers with access to the Euronext so you can get started today.
Euronext Brokers
These are the 6 best brokers for trading on the Euronext:
This is why we think these brokers are the best in this category in 2025:
- Interactive Brokers - Interactive Brokers (IBKR) is a premier brokerage, providing access to 150 markets in 33 countries, along with a suite of comprehensive investment services. With over 40 years of experience, this Nasdaq-listed firm adheres to stringent regulations by the SEC, FCA, CIRO, and SFC, amongst others, and is one of the most trusted brokers for trading around the globe.
- FOREX.com - Founded in 1999, FOREX.com is now part of StoneX, a financial services organization serving over one million customers worldwide. Regulated in the US, UK, EU, Australia and beyond, the broker offers thousands of markets, not just forex, and provides excellent pricing on cutting-edge platforms.
- RedMars - Launched in 2020, Cyprus-based RedMars offers competitive spreads on more than 300 instruments and leverage up to 1:500. Three accounts are available - Standard, Pro and VIP - serving a range of budgets and experience levels, with a fast and fully digital account opening process.
- Dukascopy - Established in 2004, Dukascopy Bank SA is a Swiss online bank and brokerage providing short-term trading opportunities on 1,200+ instruments, including binaries. A choice of accounts (JForex, MT4/5, Binary Options) and sophisticated platforms (JForex, MT4/MT5) deliver powerful tools and market data for active traders.
- xChief - xChief is a foreign exchange and CFD broker, established in 2014. The company is based offshore and registered with the VFSC and FMA. Users can choose between a wide selection of accounts and base currencies, making ForexChief accessible to global traders. The brand also stands out for its no deposit bonus and fee rebates for high-volume traders.
- InstaTrade - InstaTrade, based in the British Virgin Islands, is an online broker specializing in fixed income structured products and active trading through CFDs. Its zero-spread accounts, excellent research notably through InstaTrade TV, and access to the popular MT4 alongside its own web-accessible InstaTrade Gear, make it an attractive option for short-term traders at every level.
Interactive Brokers
"Interactive Brokers is one of the best brokers for advanced day traders, providing powerful charting platforms, real-time data, and customizable layouts, notably through the new IBKR Desktop application. Its superb pricing and advanced order options also make it highly attractive for day traders, while its diverse range of equities is still among the best in the industry."
Christian Harris, Reviewer
Interactive Brokers Quick Facts
| Demo Account | Yes |
|---|---|
| Instruments | Stocks, Options, Futures, Forex, Funds, Bonds, ETFs, Mutual Funds, CFDs, Cryptocurrencies |
| Regulator | FCA, SEC, FINRA, CFTC, CBI, CIRO, SFC, MAS, MNB, FINMA, AFM |
| Platforms | Trader Workstation (TWS), IBKR Desktop, GlobalTrader, Mobile, Client Portal, AlgoTrader, OmniTrader, TradingView, eSignal, TradingCentral, ProRealTime, Quantower |
| Minimum Deposit | $0 |
| Minimum Trade | $100 |
| Leverage | 1:50 |
| Account Currencies | USD, EUR, GBP, CAD, AUD, INR, JPY, SEK, NOK, DKK, CHF, AED, HUF |
Stock Exchanges
Interactive Brokers offers trading on 16 stock exchanges:
- Borsa Italiana
- CAC 40 Index France
- Chicago Mercantile Exchange
- Euronext
- IBEX 35
- Japan Exchange Group
- Korean Stock Exchange
- London Metal Exchange
- London Stock Exchange
- Nasdaq
- Nasdaq Nordic & Baltics
- New York Stock Exchange
- Russell 2000
- Shenzhen Stock Exchange
- Tadawul
- Toronto Stock Exchange
Pros
- The new IBKR Desktop platform takes the best of TWS while adding bespoke tools like Option Lattice and Screeners with MultiSort to create a genuinely impressive trading experience for day traders at every level.
- The TWS platform has clearly been built for intermediate and advanced traders and comes with over 100 order types and a reliable real-time market data feed that rarely goes offline.
- IBKR continues to deliver unmatched access to global stocks with tens of thousands of equities available from 100+ market centres in 24 countries, most recently the Saudi Stock Exchange.
Cons
- Support can be slow and frustrating based on tests, so you might find it challenging to reach customer service representatives promptly or encounter delays in resolving issues.
- TWS’s learning curve is steep, and beginners may find it challenging to navigate the platform and understand all the features. Plus500's web platform is much better suited to new traders.
- IBKR provides a wide range of research tools, but their distribution across trading platforms and the web-based 'Account Management' page lacks consistency, leading to a confusing user experience.
FOREX.com
"FOREX.com remains a best-in-class brokerage for active forex traders of all experience levels, with over 80 currency pairs, tight spreads from 0.0 pips and low commissions. The powerful charting platforms collectively offer over 100 technical indicators, as well as extensive research tools."
FOREX.com Quick Facts
| Bonus Offer | Active Trader Program With A 15% Reduction In Costs |
|---|---|
| Demo Account | Yes |
| Instruments | Forex, Stocks, Futures, Futures Options |
| Regulator | NFA, CFTC |
| Platforms | MT4, MT5, TradingView, eSignal, AutoChartist, TradingCentral |
| Minimum Deposit | $100 |
| Minimum Trade | 0.01 Lots |
| Leverage | 1:50 |
| Account Currencies | USD, EUR, GBP, CAD, AUD, JPY, CHF, PLN |
Stock Exchanges
FOREX.com offers trading on 14 stock exchanges:
- Australian Securities Exchange (ASX)
- Borsa Italiana
- CAC 40 Index France
- DAX GER 40 Index
- Dow Jones
- Euronext
- FTSE UK Index
- Hang Seng
- Hong Kong Stock Exchange
- IBEX 35
- Japan Exchange Group
- Nasdaq
- S&P 500
- SIX Swiss Exchange
Pros
- With over 20 years of experience, excellent regulatory oversight, and multiple accolades including runner-up in our 'Best Forex Broker' awards, FOREX.com boasts a global reputation as a trusted brokerage.
- There’s a wealth of educational resources including tutorials, webinars, and a stacked YouTube channel to help you get educated in the financial markets.
- The in-house Web Trader continues to shine as one of the best-designed platforms for aspiring day traders with a slick design and over 80 technical indicators for market analysis.
Cons
- Funding options are limited compared to leading alternatives like IC Markets and don’t include many popular e-wallets, notably UnionPay and POLi.
- Demo accounts are frustratingly time-limited to 90 days, which doesn’t give you enough time to test day trading strategies effectively.
- There’s no negative balance protection for US clients, so you may find yourself owing more money than your initial deposit into your account.
RedMars
"RedMars is the best fit for experienced day traders familiar with the MetaTrader 5 platform and based in the EU, where the broker is authorized by the CySEC. However, the threadbare education and research tools make it unsuitable for beginners."
RedMars Quick Facts
| Demo Account | Yes |
|---|---|
| Instruments | CFDs, Forex, Stocks, Indices, Commodities, Cryptos |
| Regulator | CySEC, AFM |
| Platforms | MT5 |
| Minimum Deposit | €250 |
| Minimum Trade | 0.01 Lots |
| Leverage | 1:30 (Retail), 1:500 (Pro) |
| Account Currencies | USD, EUR |
Stock Exchanges
RedMars offers trading on 15 stock exchanges:
- Australian Securities Exchange (ASX)
- CAC 40 Index France
- DAX GER 40 Index
- Dow Jones
- Euronext
- Hong Kong Stock Exchange
- IBEX 35
- Japan Exchange Group
- London Stock Exchange
- Nasdaq
- National Stock Exchange Of India
- New York Stock Exchange
- S&P 500
- Shanghai Stock Exchange
- Shenzhen Stock Exchange
Pros
- The broker supports a range of flexible payment methods, including wire transfers, credit cards, e-wallets, and notably cryptocurrencies
- The broker is one of a limited number of firms to offer an account specially designed for VIPs with premium support and invites to exclusive events
- Clients in the EU, in particular, can trade with peace of mind knowing RedMars is authorized by the CySEC with up to €20K compensation available through the ICF in the event of bankruptcy
Cons
- The no-frills trading environment offers little beyond the basics, with no Islamic account, PAMM account or copy trading.
- RedMars falls short for newer traders, with little in the way of education, no beginner-friendly platform, a steep minimum deposit, and inadequate support during testing
- With just 300 instruments, RedMars offers a narrow trading environment, particularly compared to category leaders like BlackBull Markets which offers 26,000 assets
Dukascopy
"If you’re an experienced trader, Dukascopy provides the tools you need: JForex for algorithmic strategies, competitive spreads from 0.1 pips, leverage up to 1:200, and the peace of mind of using a Swiss-regulated bank and broker."
Dukascopy Quick Facts
| Bonus Offer | 10% Equity Bonus |
|---|---|
| Demo Account | Yes |
| Instruments | CFDs, Forex, Stocks, Indices, Commodities, Crypto, Bonds, Binary Options |
| Regulator | FINMA, JFSA, FCMC |
| Platforms | JForex, MT4, MT5 |
| Minimum Deposit | $100 |
| Minimum Trade | 0.01 Lots |
| Leverage | 1:200 |
| Account Currencies | USD, EUR, GBP, CAD, AUD, NZD, JPY, ZAR, TRY, SEK, NOK, DKK, CHF, HKD, SGD, PLN, CZK, AED, SAR, HUF, MXN |
Stock Exchanges
Dukascopy offers trading on 16 stock exchanges:
- CAC 40 Index France
- DAX GER 40 Index
- Deutsche Boerse
- Dow Jones
- Euronext
- FTSE UK Index
- Hang Seng
- Hong Kong Stock Exchange
- IBEX 35
- Japan Exchange Group
- London Stock Exchange
- Nasdaq
- New York Stock Exchange
- Russell 2000
- S&P 500
- SIX Swiss Exchange
Pros
- Dukascopy is regulated by the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA) as both a broker and a bank, ensuring top-tier financial security and adherence to strict standards.
- Dukascopy offers tight spreads starting from 0.1 pips, leverage up to 1:200 (depending on the jurisdiction), and volume-based commissions that reward high-frequency traders.
- Dukascopy features some of the best research we’ve seen, even a professional TV studio in Geneva covering financial news, market analysis, and daily insights from professionals.
Cons
- While Dukascopy provides some educational resources and 24/7 support, the complexity of its platforms and tools required extensive testing and may overwhelm newer traders.
- Dukascopy's withdrawal fees are higher than most competitors we’ve tested, particularly for bank wire transfers, which may deter traders who require frequent access to their funds.
- While JForex is feature-rich, it has a steep learning curve, making it less suitable for beginner traders who might prefer simpler platforms.
xChief
"xChief continues to prove popular with investors looking to trade highly leveraged CFDs on the popular MetaTrader platforms. The broker's rebate scheme and investment accounts will particularly appeal to seasoned traders. However, the lack of top-tier regulatory oversight is a major drawback."
xChief Quick Facts
| Bonus Offer | $100 No Deposit Bonus |
|---|---|
| Demo Account | Yes |
| Instruments | CFDs, Forex, Metals, Commodities, Stocks, Indices |
| Regulator | ASIC |
| Platforms | MT4, MT5 |
| Minimum Deposit | $10 |
| Minimum Trade | 0.01 Lots |
| Leverage | 1:1000 |
| Account Currencies | USD, EUR, GBP, JPY, CHF |
Stock Exchanges
xChief offers trading on 14 stock exchanges:
- Australian Securities Exchange (ASX)
- CAC 40 Index France
- DAX GER 40 Index
- Deutsche Boerse
- Dow Jones
- Euronext
- FTSE UK Index
- Hang Seng
- Hong Kong Stock Exchange
- IBEX 35
- Japan Exchange Group
- Nasdaq
- New York Stock Exchange
- S&P 500
Pros
- Traders can access a copy trading solution via the MetaQuotes Signals service
- The broker offers several account types to suit different traders, including a Cent account for beginners and pro-level hedging/netting accounts
- The broker offers a turnover rebate scheme geared towards active investors, as well as trading credits and several other occasional bonuses
Cons
- Fees and minimums are imposed on most withdrawal methods, including a €60 minimum for SWIFT bank transfers
- The total range of 150+ assets is much lower than most competitors who typically offer hundreds
- The broker trails competitors when it comes to research tools and educational resources
InstaTrade
"Although InstaTrade offers active trading on a comprehensive platform, it stands out with its fairly unique Fixed Income Structured Product (FISP), providing passive investment opportunities with up to 50% returns in 6 months if conditions are met. "
InstaTrade Quick Facts
| Demo Account | Yes |
|---|---|
| Instruments | FISP, CFDs, Forex, Stocks, Indices, Commodities, Cryptos, Futures |
| Regulator | BVI FSC |
| Platforms | InstaTrade Gear, MT4 |
| Minimum Deposit | $1 |
| Minimum Trade | 0.01 |
| Leverage | 1:1000 |
| Account Currencies | USD, EUR, RUB |
Stock Exchanges
InstaTrade offers trading on 12 stock exchanges:
- Australian Securities Exchange (ASX)
- CAC 40 Index France
- DAX GER 40 Index
- Dow Jones
- Euronext
- FTSE UK Index
- Hong Kong Stock Exchange
- IBEX 35
- Japan Exchange Group
- Nasdaq
- S&P 500
- SIX Swiss Exchange
Pros
- InstaTrade TV, consisting of video interviews and valuable market insights spanning equities, cryptos and more, helps identify opportunities and inform short-term trades.
- InstaTrade delivers an excellent suite of charting tools for day traders with its web trader comprising 250+ indicators, 11 chart types and a user-friendly design.
- Despite an average investment offering of around 300 assets, InstaTrade offers a particularly strong suite of currency pairs, catering to advanced traders seeking opportunities in volatile exotics.
Cons
- Profits are only guaranteed in the FISP if investors do not reach the 50% profit level and attract other users with a total sum of $4 for each dollar in compensation.
- InstaTrade’s growing educational tools provide valuable information for aspiring traders, but still trail category leaders like eToro with no structured course based on experience level.
- Marketing of the FISP, especially phrasing around the “guarantee of profitability” and the “elimination of risks of trading on financial markets” raises concerns.
Comparing Euronext Brokers
Before you can start investing on the Euronext exchange, you will need to compare brokers that offer the option to trade Euronext stocks. There are many Euronext brokers out there, so it’s important to identify those that offer the best conditions for you. Key considerations include:
Fees & Commissions
Firstly, is the fee structure transparent? If you are not sure how much a trade will cost, it will be difficult to calculate your profit and risk. Stocks are usually charged with a commission per trade, but it is worth double-checking that there are no additional fees or hidden charges.
The best Euronext brokers will provide a full fee schedule on their websites. Degiro, for example, publishes a full costing guide including both trading and non-trading fee details. For example, Euronext LIFFE (The Netherlands, Belgium, France, Portugal) options can be executed with a fee of $0.75 per contract.
It is also worth considering costs such as deposit/withdrawal fees, inactivity charges and account maintenance costs. Although these often seem minimal, they can add up.
Instruments
As the Euronext exchange offers many derivatives on commodities, ETFs, forex, stocks and indices, you will want to find Euronext brokers that offers access to the instruments you wish to trade.
Having access to all equities and securities within one account will save time having to open several profiles across a range of Euronext brokers. Even if you are looking to just trade individual Euronext exchange stocks, consider the future if you want to diversify your portfolio and try your hand at investing via ETFs or bonds, for example.
Platform & Tools
Find Euronext brokers with an intuitive yet easy-to-use platform. This is essentially your gateway to the exchange. Speed is key when opening and closing trades, so being able to execute orders quickly is a must.
TradingView and MetaTrader 5 are popular platforms for stocks, but many Euronext brokers also offer their own proprietary platforms and software.
Think about the tools and functions required to execute your strategy successfully. You may want to automate investments using bots, analyze with technical indicators or view long-term price history on custom charts. The best Euronext brokers will provide these tools without third-party download requirements.
Customer Service
Top-tier Euronext brokers will usually have customer service to match. Fast and reliable help when you need it is important. Telephone and live chat services are often the most reliable methods to connect with the broker’s customer support team with a prompt response time. Interactive Brokers, for example, offers a live chat that is available 24 hours a day, Monday to Friday. This could be your first port of call if something goes wrong or to receive guidance on trading parameters.
As some of the major stock exchanges within the Euronext group operate via the same market opening hours, look out for customer service that reflects this (8 AM – 4:30 PM).
What Is Euronext?
Euronext N.V. is one of the largest exchange groups in the world, operating stock exchanges in Amsterdam, Brussels, Dublin, Lisbon, Milan, Oslo and Paris. The pan-European enterprise has a market capitalization of over 5 trillion Euros (EUR) and the share price can be found using a live chart online. You can find the company under ticker symbol ENX via online brokers.
Euronext N.V has headquarters based in Paris, France, with more Euronext offices in London (UK), Switzerland, New York, Singapore, Portugal, Spain, Norway, Italy, Ireland, Netherlands and Belgium.
Euronext N.V. offers several equities and derivatives as part of its services, including bonds, commodities (such as gold, silver and wheat), indices, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), foreign exchange (FX) warrants and certificates, as well as stocks and shares, many of which you will find via Euronext brokers. Futures and options trading is also available on Euronext.
The Euronext platform for foreign exchange is called Euronext FX, previously FastMatch. Euronext Growth is a multilateral trading facility that lists small and medium enterprises that would not qualify for listing on the traditional stock exchanges. This is operated by Euronext Brussels, Dublin, Lisbon, Oslo and Paris and is governed by the Euronext Growth Markets Rule Book (also known as the cash and derivatives trading manual). Euronext Access is similar but has even fewer listing requirements, making it ideal for small start-ups.
The History Of Euronext
The Euronext trading centre was first formed when the Amsterdam Stock Exchange merged with Paris and Brussels to create one large pan-European platform. Since then, it has grown in size, acquiring additional revenue streams along the way. Take a look at the timeline below to understand its rich history of acquisitions.
- 2000 – Amsterdam, Brussels and Paris (inc. MATIF SA) merge to create Euronext
- 2001 – Acquired the London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange (LIFFE), forming Euronext.LIFFE, the European derivatives market
- 2002 – Acquired shares in the Lisbon Stock Exchange from Portugal, creating Euronext trading in Lisbon
- 2007 – The first global organization of trading was created when Euronext merged with the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)
- 2014 – Euronext trading centre was bought by the Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) and spun off from the NYSE entity, becoming a purely European company once again. This was also the year of its IPO
- 2017 – The Irish Stock Exchange became part of the group, adding Ireland to the list of jurisdictions covered by the entity
- 2019 – Oslo became the next stock exchange owned by the group
- 2020 – Euronext trading launched its pan-European platform, known as Optiq, an in-house system that offers harmonized, live cash and derivatives messaging
- 2021 – Borsa Italiana, the Milan-based exchange, became the next addition. The Euronext annual report shows this was purchased for EUR 4,447 million
The Indices
The Euronext centre has one of the most expansive portfolios in the world, with over 600 on its books. This includes six major national indices: the CAC 40 index, BEL20, AEX, OBX, PSI 20 and ISEQ 20. Many of the 600 are derivative-based, allowing traders to utilize the benefits of futures and options.
Within the mix, there are 45 ESG indices, the most noteworthy of which is the Euronext Euro 50 ESG, the largest 50 stocks by market cap with a high corporate responsibility rating. The Euronext 100 is another prominent index – the blue-chip index for pan-European stocks – compiling the largest and most liquid companies on their books. It has a market cap of over 3 billion Euros.
However, if you’re looking for an index that covers a more diverse spread of companies, the Euronext 500 covers the largest 500 stocks in Europe. Again, these are ranked by market cap and liquidity. Historical data and a real-time chart for all indices are available on the website. Top ranked Euronext brokers will also provide updated financial metrics on all indices.
Biggest Players
LVMH – Louis Vuitton Moet & Hennessy
The most highly valued company traded on the Euronext exchange is the French luxury retailer, LVMH. Its headquarters are in Paris, France, so it makes sense for this beast of a company to be listed with Euronext Paris. LVMH has a market cap of over 333 billion Euros.
IBM
IBM is an American-based technology company that offers its services globally. It is actually listed on the NYSE but is ‘traded not listed’ in Brussels, making it worthy of a place on the Euronext big players list. IBM has a market cap of around 278 billion dollars but its stock value has been fairly volatile over the last few years.
ASML Holdings
ASML is a Dutch-owned company that produces computer microchips. The majority of its products are sold to Asian economies, with Taiwan, Korea and China as its biggest buyers. It is listed with Euronext Amsterdam and has a market cap of 280 billion Euros. Since early 2020, ASML has seen huge growth and its share price rose more than 50% between Q1 2020 and Q1 2021. Can this bullish sentiment continue?
That concludes our best 3 but other noteworthy mentions include L’Oreal, the French toiletries and beauty brand; Caterpillar Inc, a mining and construction equipment firm; Hermes, the courier, as well as Novacyt, KBC Group NV., JustEat Takeaway, Natixis, UCB and Valneva SE – all listed on the Euronext trading exchange.
Trading The Euronext Exchanges
To trade securities on the Euronext stock exchange, an institution, including brokers or banks must be registered trading members. These members must comply with the rules as stated in the Harmonised Rulebook. The admission of rules are the same across all jurisdictions, so a bank in Paris has the same requirements as a Dublin banking institution.
A full list of Euronext brokers, rules and members is available on the website, along with additional information on block trading, insider investing, rights issues, price quotes and trading phases.
How To Begin Euronext Trading
Selecting A Euronext Stock
Fundamental analysis is a great starting point when choosing stocks. Having your finger on the pulse with the latest global and market news is often a key part of being successful with investing on the Euronext exchange.
However, at some point, you’ll need to get your head into the data and trading volume and volatility are two of the metrics that really matter. Euronext has one of the deepest liquidity pools of all exchanges, due to its sheer size and breadth of jurisdiction.
One of the great things about Euronext group is the amount of market data that is available for free from their website. In particular, volume data is available across all exchanges with just a quick search.
Further investment and volume statistics are published on the website regularly. This also covers the total daily and monthly turnover for each security within Euronext, separating most trading venues, including Paris and Amsterdam. An international investment calendar is also available.
For data and statistics on ETFs, the Euronext Funds 360 offers a complete service that allows traders to select which funds work for them by comparing net asset value (NAV) and other details before they begin. The Euronext group also publishes the latest updates on financial services and product releases on their website.
Opening Hours
Those experienced with investing on the Euronext exchange are often up and at their desks before the markets open, reading the news and assessing impacts on stock prices.
The Euronext cash, futures and equities schedule is similar across all the exchanges. The Paris, Brussels, Oslo, Amsterdam, Lisbon and Dublin stock exchanges all have the same opening hours of 08:00 – 16:30 GMT (09:00 – 17:30 CET).
So, regardless of whether you’re investing on the CAC 40, the stock markets in the Netherlands and Belgium, or an ETF from Ireland, the opening times are the same. The non-trading days (e.g Christmas and other Bank Holidays) and extended investment hours are available on the website and will be reflected within Euronext brokers’ calendars.
Final Word On Euronext Brokers
Euronext brokers provides access to some of the largest and most liquid financial securities and derivatives markets in Europe, all under one roof. The Euronext N.V. group has experienced steady growth in the number of subsidiary exchanges and offers several hundred exciting equity indices. If you are interested in the Euronext trading centre and want to get involved, follow the steps outlined above and see our list of recommended best Euronext brokers.
FAQs
How Do You Trade Euronext Stocks With Online Brokers?
Firstly, you will need to select a broker that is a registered member with Euronext group. Create an account with the broker, select the stock, derivative or ETF you’re interested in and get investing. You don’t need to sign up to Euronext itself, this is only required for institutions, banks and brokers.
Is Euronext A Broker?
No, Euronext is an exchange group that has ownership of some of the largest stock exchanges in the world, including the Paris Stock Exchange and the Irish Stock Exchange. It also offers derivatives, bonds, commodities and FX investment opportunities.
How Can I Invest In Euronext Via Online Brokers?
Euronext N.V. floated on the Euronext Paris stock exchange in 2014 through its own IPO. Therefore, you can now purchase shares and invest in the company’s growth potential.
What Is The Euronext Ticker Symbol?
The Euronext trading symbol on Euronext Paris is ENX.
What Is Euronext Optiq?
Euronext Optiq is Euronext’s official, universal stock platform system for all Euronext stock exchanges. It was introduced in 2020, offering cutting-edge technology that is both agile and high-performing. It gives investors access to all stock exchanges and asset classes.