Blog Posts

Liquidity models are used in trading by assessing the ease with which assets can be bought or sold in the market without affecting their price. These are several key concepts and liquidity model types that are important for traders, investors, and policymakers to understand – especially for traders who may impact markets with the sizes […]

Swap pricing models are used in the financial industry for valuing and managing interest rate swaps, currency swaps, commodity swaps, and other types of swaps. These models help determine the fair value of swaps, which are agreements between two parties to exchange cash flows based on specified variables. The complexity of swap contracts, which may […]

Roll yield is a concept in the commodities and futures market that can significantly impact the returns of futures trading strategies. It arises from the shifting structure of futures prices over time. To grasp roll yield, one must first understand the futures market and the concept of contango and backwardation.   Key Takeaways – Roll […]

Quantitative trading and investing represent a field in finance that leverage mathematical and statistical modeling to make decisions in the financial markets. These approaches are typically algorithm-driven and are often based on historical data or “expert system” programming, reducing human bias and emotions from the decision-making process. Due to their reliance on advanced models and […]

Correlation trading models are quantitative models that take advantage of the statistical relationships between the movements of two or more financial assets. These models are based on the principle that the price movements of different assets can be related in a predictable manner. Correlation trading strategies can be applied across various asset classes including equities, […]

Regime-switching models are statistical models that account for structural changes in economic relationships over time. These changes are often driven by shifts in policy, economic conditions (e.g., low inflation to high inflation), or other external factors (e.g., geopolitical conflict). This leads to different “regimes” or periods within the data that exhibit distinct statistical properties. These […]

Swaptions, options on swaps, are financial instruments that grant the holder the right, but not the obligation, to enter into a swap at a specified rate on a future date. Interest rate swaps are the dominant use case, but they’re also used in other asset classes as well. Pricing swaptions involves complex mathematical models given […]

The Variance Gamma (VG) process is a mathematical model used in financial markets for option pricing and to capture the dynamics of asset returns. It’s noted for its ability to model the skewness and leptokurtosis (fat tails) observed in the distribution of returns – characteristics often inadequately captured by the simpler Black-Scholes model, which assumes […]

Event-driven strategies in financial markets are trading or investment strategies that seek to exploit pricing inefficiencies that may occur before or after a corporate event takes place. These strategies are primarily based on the premise that corporate events can lead to stocks or assets being mispriced and can provide opportunities for traders/investors to earn above-average […]

Variational Bayesian methods, within the context of probability theory in finance and markets, offer a framework for dealing with uncertainty and making predictions. These methods belong to the family of Bayesian inference techniques, which update the probabilities of hypotheses as more evidence becomes available. Variational Bayesian methods specifically use optimization techniques to approximate complex posterior […]